Power Electronics Design: A
Practitioner’s Guide
Contents
List of Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Preface. . . . . xix
Chapter 1 Electric Power . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.1 AC versus DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.2 Pivotal Inventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
1.3 Generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
1.4 Electric Traction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
1.5 Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
1.6 In-Plant Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
1.7 Emergency Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Chapter 2 Power Apparatus . . . . . . .15
2.1 Switchgear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
2.2 Surge Suppression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
2.3 Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
2.4 Capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
2.5 Resistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
2.6 Fuses . . . .31
2.7 Supply Voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
vi Contents
2.8 Enclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
2.9 Hipot, Corona, and BIL. . . . . . . . . . .33
2.10 Spacings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
2.11 Metal Oxide Varistors . . . . . . . . . . . .35
2.12 Protective Relays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Chapter 3 Analytical Tools. . . . . . . . .39
3.1 Symmetrical Components . . . . . . . . .39
3.2 Per Unit Constants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
3.3 Circuit Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
3.4 Circuit Simulation Notes. . . . . . . . . .45
3.5 Simulation Software . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
Chapter 4 Feedback Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .49
4.1 Basics . . .49
4.2 Amplitude Responses . . . . . . . . . . . .50
4.3 Phase Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
4.4 PID Regulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
4.5 Nested Control Loops . . . . . . . . . . . .56
Chapter 5 Transients . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
5.1 Line Disturbances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
5.2 Circuit Transients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
5.3 Electromagnetic Interference . . . . . .61
Chapter 6 Traveling Waves . . . . . . . .65
6.1 Basics . . .65
6.2 Transient Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
6.3 Mitigating Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Chapter 7 Transformers and Reactors . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .73
7.1 Transformer Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
7.2 Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
7.3 Insulation Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
7.4 Basic Insulation Level. . . . . . . . . . . .84
7.5 Eddy Current Effects. . . . . . . . . . . . .85
7.6 Interphase Transformers . . . . . . . . . .89
7.7 Transformer Connections . . . . . . . . .90
7.8 Reactors. .93
Contents vii
7.9 Units . . . .97
7.10 Cooling . .97
7.11 Instrument Transformers. . . . . . . . . .98
Chapter 8 Rotating Machines . . . . .101
8.1 Direct Current Machines. . . . . . . . .101
8.2 Synchronous Machines . . . . . . . . . .103
8.3 Induction (Asynchronous) Machines . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .107
8.4 NEMA Designs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
8.5 Frame Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
8.6 Linear Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
Chapter 9 Rectifiers and Converters. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .115
9.1 Early Rectifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
9.2 Mercury Vapor Rectifiers . . . . . . . .116
9.3 Silicon Diodes—The Semiconductor Age . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .117
9.4 Rectifier Circuits—Single-Phase . .118
9.5 Rectifier Circuits—Multiphase. . . .120
9.6 Commutation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
Chapter 10 Phase Control . . . . . . . .125
10.1 The SCR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
10.2 Forward Drop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131
10.3 SCR Circuits—AC Switches . . . . .131
10.4 SCR Motor Starters. . . . . . . . . . . . .135
10.5 SCR Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
10.6 Inversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
10.7 Gate Drive Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
10.8 Power to the Gates . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
10.9 SCR Autotapchangers. . . . . . . . . . .145
10.10 SCR DC Motor Drives . . . . . . . . . .148
10.11 SCR AC Motor Drives . . . . . . . . . .148
10.12 Cycloconverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150
Chapter 11 Series and Parallel Operation . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .153
11.1 Voltage Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153
11.2 Current Sharing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
11.3 Forced Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
viii Contents
Chapter 12 Pulsed Converters . . . . .163
12.1 Protective Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
12.2 Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164
12.3 SCRs . . .166
Chapter 13 Switchmode Systems . . .169
13.1 Pulse Width Modulation . . . . . . . . .169
13.2 Choppers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
13.3 Boost Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174
13.4 The “H” Bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175
13.5 High-Frequency Operation . . . . . . .178
13.6 Harmonic Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
13.7 Series Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180
Chapter 14 Power Factor and Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .181
14.1 Power Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181
14.2 Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184
14.3 Fourier Transforms . . . . . . . . . . . . .189
14.4 Interactions with the Utility. . . . . . .194
14.5 Telephone Influence Factor. . . . . . .199
14.6 Distortion Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201
14.7 Zero-Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202
Chapter 15 Thermal Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .203
15.1 Heat and Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . .203
15.2 Air Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205
15.3 Water Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206
15.4 Device Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208
15.5 Semiconductor Mounting . . . . . . . .213
Chapter 16 Power Electronics Applications . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .215
16.1 Motor Drives and SCR Starters. . . .215
16.2 Glass Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217
16.3 Foundry Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . .218
16.4 Plasma Arcs and Arc Furnaces . . . .219
16.5 Electrochemical Supplies . . . . . . . .219
16.6 Cycloconverters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220
16.7 Extremely Low-Frequency Communications . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .221
Contents ix
16.8 Superconducting Magnet Energy Storage . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .222
16.9 600-kW Opamp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223
16.10 Ozone Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223
16.11 Semiconductor Silicon . . . . . . . . . .224
16.12 VAR Compensators . . . . . . . . . . . .224
16.13 Induction Furnace Switch . . . . . . . .225
16.14 Tokamaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226
16.15 Multi-tap Switching . . . . . . . . . . . .227
Appendix A Converter Equations . .229
Appendix B Lifting Forces . . . . . . . .231
Appendix C Commutation Notches and THDv . . . . . . . . . .
. .233
Appendix D Capacitor Ratings . . . .235
Appendix E Rogowski Coils . . . . . . .237
Appendix F Foreign Technical Words . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .239
Appendix G Aqueous Glycol Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .241
Appendix H Harmonic Cancellation with Phase Shifting . . .
.243
Appendix I Neutral Currents with Nonsinusoidal Loads . . .
.245
Index . . . . . .247
