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Introduction to Physical Electronics By: Bill Wilson










Introduction to Physical Electronics By: Bill Wilson
Table of Contents
1 Conductors, Semiconductors and Diodes
1.1 Simple Conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Introduction to Semiconductors . . . . . 5
1.3 Doped Semiconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.4 P-N Junction: Part I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

1.5 PN-Junction: Part II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.6 Gauss' Law . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 23


1.7 Depletion Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.8 Forward Biased . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.9 The Diode Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.10 Reverse Biased/Breakdown . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.11 Diusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.12 Light Emitting Diode . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.13 LASER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
1.14 Solar Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2 Bipolar Transistors
2.1 Intro to Bipolar Transistors . . . . . . . 55
2.2 Transistor Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.3 Transistor I-V Characteristics . . . . . 58
2.4 Common Emitter Models . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.5 Small Signal Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.6 Small Signal Model for Bipolar Transistor . . . . . . . .. . . . 66
3 FETs
3.1 Introduction to MOSFETs . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.2 Basic MOS Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.3 Threshold Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.4 MOS Transistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.5 MOS Regimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.6 Plotting MOS I-V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.7 Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.8 Inverters and Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3.9 Transistor Loads for Inverters . . . . . 99
3.10 CMOS Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.11 JFET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3.12 Electrostatic Discharge and Latch-Up . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 109
4 IC Manufacturing
4.1 Introduction to IC Manufacturing Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4.2 Silicon Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
4.3 Doping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.4 Fick's First Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4.5 Fick's Second Law . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4.6 Photolithography . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 123
4.7 Integrated Circuit Well and Gate Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.8 Applying Metal/Sputtering . . . . . . . 132
4.9 Integrated Circuit Manufacturing: Bird's Eye View . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 134
4.10 Diused Resistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4.11 Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
iv
Solutions . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 141
5 Introduction to Transmission Lines
5.1 Introduction to Transmission Lines: 
Distributed Parameters . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 143
5.2 Telegrapher's Equations . . . . . . . . . . 146
5.3 Transmission Line Equation . . . . . . 148
5.4 Transmission Line Examples . . . .. . . . . . . . . 151
5.5 Exciting a Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
5.6 Terminated Lines . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5.7 Bounce Diagrams . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 159
5.8 Cascaded Lines . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
6 AC Steady-State Transmission
6.1 Introduction to Phasors . . . . . . . . . . 181
6.2 A/C Line Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
6.3 Terminated Lines . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 186
6.4 Line Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
6.5 Crank Diagram . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 189
6.6 Standing Waves/VSWR . . . . . . . . . . 193
6.7 Bilinear Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
6.8 The Smith Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
6.9 Introduction to Using the Smith Chart . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 211
6.10 Simple Calculations with the Smith Chart . . . . . .. . . 212
6.11 Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 216
6.12 Finding ZL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
6.13 Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
6.14 Introduction to Parallel Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
6.15 Single Stub Matching . . . . . . . . . . . 226
6.16 Double Stub Matching . . . . . . . . . . 230
6.17 Odds and Ends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Glossary . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

Attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247
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