Electronic Devices and Amplifier Circuits
with MATLAB®Applications Steven T. Karris Editor
Table of Contents
Chapter 1
Basic Electronic Concepts and Signals
Signals and Signal Classifications
...............................1-1
Amplifiers...................................................................1-3
Decibels....1-4
Bandwidth and Frequency
Response..........................1-5
Bode Plots
..................................................................1-7
Transfer Function .......................................................1-9
Poles and Zeros
.........................................................1-11
Stability ..1-12
The Voltage Amplifier Equivalent Circuit ...............1-16
The Current Amplifier Equivalent Circuit...............1-18
Summary
..................................................................1-20
Exercises...................................................................1-23
Solutions to End-of-Chapter
Exercises.....................1-25
Chapter 2
Introduction to Semiconductor Electronics - Diodes
Electrons and Holes
.................................................... 2-1
The Junction Diode
.................................................... 2-4
Graphical Analysis of Circuits with Non-Linear Devices
............................................................ 2-9
Piecewise Linear Approximations ............................
2-13
Low Frequency AC Circuits with Junction Diodes .. 2-15
Junction Diode Applications in AC Circuits ........... 2-19
Peak Rectifier Circuits ..............................................
2-28
Clipper
Circuits........................................................ 2-30
DC Restorer Circuits
................................................ 2-32
Voltage Doubler Circuits ..........................................
2-33
Diode Applications in Amplitude Modulation (AM) Detection
Circuits ................................. 2-34
Diode Applications in Frequency Modulation (FM) Detection
Circuits .................................. 2-35
Zener Diodes............................................................
2-36
The Schottky Diode
................................................. 2-42
The Tunnel Diode
.................................................... 2-43
The Varactor ............................................................
2-45
Optoelectronic Devices
............................................ 2-46
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Summary..................................................................
2-50
Exercises
.................................................................. 2-54
Solutions to End-of-Chapter Exercises ....................
2-59
Chapter 3
Bipolar Junction Transistors
Introduction ..............................................................
3-1
NPN Transistor Operation
........................................ 3-3
The Bipolar Junction Transistor as an Amplifier....... 3-4
Equivalent Circuit Models - NPN Transistors........... 3-6
Equivalent Circuit Models - PNP Transistors............ 3-7
Effect of Temperature on the -
Characteristics............................................................
3-10
Collector Output Resistance - Early Voltage........... 3-11
Transistor Amplifier Circuit Biasing ........................
3-18
Fixed Bias
................................................................ 3-21
Self-Bias...................................................................
3-25
Amplifier Classes and Operation
............................. 3-28
Class A Amplifier Operation
................................... 3-31
Class B Amplifier
Operation.................................... 3-34
Class AB Amplifier Operation
................................. 3-35
Class C Amplifier
Operation.................................... 3-37
Graphical Analysis
................................................... 3-38
Power Relations in the Basic Transistor Amplifier .. 3-42
Piecewise-Linear Analysis of the Transistor
Amplifier.............................................................. 3-44
Incremental linear
models........................................ 3-49
Transconductance...................................................
3-54
High-Frequency Models for Transistors...................
3-55
The Darlington Connection ....................................
3-59
Transistor
Networks................................................. 3-61
The h-Equivalent Circuit for the Common-Base
Transistor..................................................... 3-61
The T-Equivalent Circuit for the Common-Base Transistor
.................................................... 3-64
The h-Equivalent Circuit for the Common-Emitter Transistor
................................................ 3-65
The T-Equivalent Circuit for the Common-Emitter
Transistor................................................ 3-70
The h-Equivalent Circuit for the Common-Collector
(Emitter-Follower) Transistor.............. 3-70
The T-Equivalent Circuit for the Common-Collector Transistor
Amplifier ............................ 3-76
Transistor Cutoff and Saturation Regions ...............
3-77
Cutoff Region
........................................................... 3-78
Active
Region.......................................................... 3-78
Saturation Region ....................................................
3-78
The Ebers-Moll Transistor Model............................
3-80
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Schottky Diode Clamp
.............................................3-84
Transistor
Specifications...........................................3-85
Summary
..................................................................3-86
Exercises...................................................................3-90
Solutions to End-of-Chapter
Exercises.....................3-96
Chapter 4
Field Effect Transistors and PNPN Devices
The Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET)..............
4-1
The Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
(MOSFET) ........................................4-6
The N-Channel MOSFET in the Enhancement
Mode.................................................................4-8
The N-Channel MOSFET in the Depletion Mode...4-12
The P-Channel MOSFET in the Enhancement Mode................................................................4-14
The P-Channel MOSFET in the Depletion Mode....4-17
Voltage Gain
............................................................4-17
Complementary MOS (CMOS)...............................4-19
The CMOS Common-Source Amplifier..................4-20
The CMOS Common-Gate Amplifier .....................4-20
The CMOS Common-Drain (Source Follower)
Amplifier........................................................4-20
The Metal Semiconductor FET (MESFET).............4-21
The Unijunction
Transistor......................................4-22
The
Diac..................................................................4-23
The Silicon Controlled Rectifier
(SCR)...................4-24
The SCR as an Electronic Switch
............................4-27
The SCR in the Generation of Sawtooth
Waveforms................................................................4-28
The
Triac.................................................................4-37
The Shockley Diode.................................................4-38
Other PNPN Devices
...............................................4-40
Summary.................................................................4-41
Exercises
.................................................................4-44
Solutions to End-of-Chapter
Exercises....................4-46
Chapter 5
Operational Amplifiers
The Operational
Amplifier......................................... 5-1
An Overview of the Op
Amp..................................... 5-1
The Op Amp in the Inverting Mode..........................
5-2
The Op Amp in the Non-Inverting Mode ................. 5-5
Active Filters
.............................................................5-8
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Analysis of Op Amp Circuits
................................... 5-11
Input and Output Resistances
................................. 5-22
Op Amp Open Loop Gain .......................................
5-25
Op Amp Closed Loop Gain
..................................... 5-26
Transresistance Amplifier
........................................ 5-29
Closed Loop Transfer Function
............................... 5-30
The Op Amp Integrator...........................................
5-31
The Op Amp
Differentiator..................................... 5-35
Summing and Averaging Op Amp Circuits............. 5-37
Differential Input Op Amp
...................................... 5-39
Instrumentation
Amplifiers...................................... 5-42
Offset
Nulling.......................................................... 5-44
External Frequency Compensation..........................
5-45
Slew Rate.................................................................
5-45
Circuits with Op Amps and Non-Linear Devices.... 5-46
Comparators
............................................................. 5-50
Wien Bridge
Oscillator............................................. 5-50
Digital-to-Analog Converters
.................................. 5-52
Analog-to-Digital Converters
.................................. 5-56
The Flash Analog-to-Digital Converter ..................
5-57
The Successive Approximation Analog-to-Digital Converter
.................................................. 5-58
The Dual-Slope Analog-to-Digital Converter......... 5-59
Quantization, Quantization Error, Accuracy, and Resolution
.................................................. 5-61
Op Amps in Analog Computers ..............................
5-63
Summary..................................................................
5-67
Exercises
.................................................................. 5-71
Solutions to End-of-Chapter Exercises ....................
5-78
Chapter 6
Integrated Circuits
The Basic Logic
Gates................................................ 6-1
Positive and Negative
Logic....................................... 6-1
The Inverter
.............................................................. 6-2
The AND Gate
.......................................................... 6-6
The OR
Gate............................................................. 6-8
The NAND Gate
....................................................... 6-9
The NOR Gate.........................................................
6-13
The Exclusive OR (XOR) and Exclusive NOR (XNOR)
Gates............................................... 6-15
Fan-In, Fan-Out, TTL Unit Load, Sourcing Current, and
Sinking Current ............................ 6-17
Data Sheets
............................................................. 6-20
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Emitter Coupled Logic
(ECL)................................... 6-24
NMOS Logic Gates ..................................................
6-28
The NMOS
Inverter................................................. 6-31
The NMOS NAND Gate.........................................
6-31
The NMOS NOR Gate
............................................ 6-32
CMOS Logic
Gates................................................... 6-32
The CMOS Inverter
................................................. 6-33
The CMOS NAND Gate .........................................
6-34
The CMOS NOR Gate ............................................
6-35
Buffers, Tri-State Devices, and Data Buses..............
6-35
Present and Future Technologies
............................. 6-39
Summary
.................................................................. 6-43
Exercises...................................................................
6-46
Solutions to End-of-Chapter Exercises.....................
6-49
Chapter 7
Pulse Circuits and Waveform Generators
Astable (Free-Running) Multivibrators......................
7-1
The 555 Timer...........................................................
7-2
Astable Multivibrator with the 555 Timer .................
7-3
Monostable Multivibrators
....................................... 7-15
Bistable Multivibrators (Flip-Flops)..........................
7-18
The Fixed-Bias Flip-Flop
.......................................... 7-19
The Self-Bias Flip-Flop
............................................. 7-22
Triggering Signals for Flip-Flops
............................... 7-28
Present Technology Bistable Multivibrators ............ 7-30
The Schmitt Trigger
................................................. 7-30
Summary
.................................................................. 7-33
Exercises...................................................................
7-34
Solutions to End-of-Chapter Exercises.....................
7-37
Chapter 8
Frequency Characteristics of Single-Stage and Cascaded
Amplifiers
Properties of Signal
Waveforms.................................. 8-1
The Transistor Amplifier at Low Frequencies............ 8-5
The Transistor Amplifier at High Frequencies .......... 8-9
Combined Low- and High-Frequency Characteristics
............................................................... 8-14
Frequency Characteristics of Cascaded Amplifiers .. 8-14
Overall Characteristics of Multistage Amplifiers ..... 8-26
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Amplification and Power Gain in Three or More Cascaded
Amplifiers ................................... 8-32
Summary..................................................................
8-34
Exercises
.................................................................. 8-36
Solutions to End-of-Chapter Exercises ....................
8-39
Chapter 9
Tuned Amplifiers
Introduction to Tuned Circuits
..................................9-1
Single-tuned Transistor Amplifier
..............................9-8
Cascaded Tuned
Amplifiers......................................9-14
Synchronously Tuned Amplifiers..............................9-15
Stagger-Tuned Amplifiers
.........................................9-19
Three or More Tuned Amplifiers Connected in Cascade
..........................................................9-27
Summary...................................................................9-29
Exercises
...................................................................9-31
Solutions to End-of-Chapter Exercises
.....................9-32
Chapter 10
Sinusoidal Oscillators
Introduction to Oscillators.......................................
10-1
Sinusoidal
Oscillators............................................... 10-1
RC
Oscillator........................................................... 10-4
LC
Oscillators.......................................................... 10-5
The Armstrong
Oscillator........................................ 10-6
The Hartley Oscillator
............................................. 10-7
The Colpitts Oscillator
............................................ 10-7
Crystal Oscillators ....................................................
10-8
The Pierce Oscillator
............................................. 10-10
Summary................................................................
10-12
Exercises ................................................................
10-14
Solutions to End-of-Chapter Exercises ..................
10-15
Appendix A
Introduction to MATLAB®
MATLAB® and Simulink®.....................................
A-1
Command
Window................................................... A-1
Roots of Polynomials
................................................. A-3
Electronic
