integrated
fiber optics receivers kenneth w martin
CONTENTS
PREFACE xi
Part I SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS 1
1 INTEGRATED FIBER-OPTIC RECEIVERS 5
1.1 Introduction 5
1.2 Advantages of Fiber-Optics 8
1.3 Status of Integrated Fiber-Optic Receivers 9
1.4 Overview of Fiber-Optic Receiver Design 11
References 23
2 MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES 27
2.1 Analytical Expressions for NRZ Bandlimited Data 28
2.2 Fourier Series Frequency Domain Representations 29
2.3 Fourier Transform Frequency Domain Representations 48
2.4 Linear Filtering of Random Data 64
2.5 Review of General Theory of Random Signals 76
2.6 Random Amplitude Modulation 84
2.7 Phase-Jitter 89
2.8 Effect of BPF Phase Response on Angle and Amplitude
Modulation 99
2.9 Summary 100
References 103
3 OPTIMAL DECISION THEORY 105
3.1 Qualitative Detection of Independent Binary Pulses 109
3.2 Hypothesis Testing 111
3.3 Properties of Gaussian Random Variables 115
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viii Integrated Fiber-Optic Receivers
3.4 Optimal Decision Rule for Additive-White-Gaussian-Noise
120
3.5 Performance Evaluation of the Correlation Receiver in
AWGN 125
3.6 Quantum Limit in Optical Communication Systems 129
3.7 Correlation Receiver Performance in the Presence of
Clock-Jitter 141
3.8 Optimum Correlation Receivers in Colored Noise 150
3.9 Correlation Receiver Performance in Colored Noise 154
3.10 Summary 160
References 161
4 CLOCK RECOVERY 163
4.1 Qualitative Analysis of Clock Recovery Schemes 166
4.2 Intermittent Phase-Readjusting Approaches to Clock
Recovery 169
4.3 Edge Detection 174
4.4 Spectral Line Techniques 182
4.5 Maximum a Posteriori (MAP) Symbol Synchronization 207
4.6 Parasitic-Delay Insensitive Clock Recovery Schemes 236
4.7 Summary 249
References 253
5 PRACTICAL HIGH-SPEED CLOCK RECOVERY 259
5.1 Frequency Detection 259
5.2 Modified Alexander Circuit 276
5.3 Early-Late Circuit Using a Matched Filter 286
5.4 High-Speed Data Transition Tracking Loop 289
5.5 Summary 300
References 303
Part II CIRCUIT DESIGN 305
6 HETEROJUNCTION BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS 309
6.1 Overview of HBTs 311
6.2 Advantages of HBTs for High-Speed Operation 312
6.3 AlGaAs/GaAs HBTs: Typical Parameters 313
6.4 InP-Based HBTs: Typical Parameters 315
6.5 SPICE Models for Circuit Simulation 317
6.6 Summary 321
References 323
7 LOW-NOISE PREAMPLIFIER 325
7.1 Sources of Noise 325
7.2 Relationship Between Noise and Receiver Sensitivity 334
7.3 Calculations of Noise in Linear Circuits 336
7.4 Transresistance Preamplifier Noise Analysis 342
7.5 Comparison of Bipolar and FET Amplifiers 367
7.6 InP Preamplifier 377
References 385
8 VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATORS 387
8.1 Four-Stage Ring VCO 387
8.2 Emitter-Coupled MultivibratorVCO 390
8.3 Comparison of Ring and Emitter-Coupled VCO 392
8.4 Timing Estimation 392
8.5 High-Speed Testing 400
References 411
9 6-GHz PHASE-LOCK LOOP 413
9.1 Frequency Quadrupling Ring VCO 413
9.2 Fully-Balanced Mixer 416
9.3 Loop Filter 417
9.4 Output Buffer and Bias Circuits 424
9.5 Results 425
9.6 Summary 431
References 433
10 CLOCK RECOVERY AND DATA RETIMING IC 435
10.1 System-Level Simulations 435
10.2 Circuit-Level Simulations 446
10.3 Further Research 452
References 455
INDEX 457
x Integrated Fiber-Optic Receivers
