Engineering Materials 2 An Introduction to
Microstructures, Processing and Design
Engineering Materials 2
An Introduction to Microstructures, Processing and Design
Second Edition By Michael F. Ashby And David R. H. Jones
Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, England
OXFORD
Contents
General introduction ix
A. Metals
1. Metals 3
the generic metals and alloys; iron-based, copper-based,
nickel-based,
aluminium-based and titanium-based alloys; design data
2. Metal structures 14
the range of metal structures that can be altered to get
different
properties: crystal and glass structure, structures of
solutions and
compounds, grain and phase boundaries, equilibrium shapes of
grains and phases
3. Equilibrium constitution and phase diagrams 25
how mixing elements to make an alloy can change their
structure;
examples: the lead–tin, copper–nickel and copper–zinc alloy
systems
4. Case studies in phase diagrams 34
choosing soft solders; pure silicon for microchips; making
bubble-free ice
5. The driving force for structural change 46
the work done during a structural change gives the driving
force for the
change; examples: solidification, solid-state phase changes,
precipitate
coarsening, grain growth, recrystallisation; sizes of
driving forces
6. Kinetics of structural change: I – diffusive
transformations 57
why transformation rates peak – the opposing claims of
driving force
and thermal activation; why latent heat and diffusion slow
transformations down
7. Kinetics of structural change: II – nucleation 68
how new phases nucleate in liquids and solids; why
nucleation is helped
by solid catalysts; examples: nucleation in plants, vapour
trails, bubble
chambers and caramel
8. Kinetics of structural change: III – displacive
transformations 76
how we can avoid diffusive transformations by rapid cooling;
the
alternative – displacive (shear) transformations at the
speed of sound
9. Case studies in phase transformations 89
artificial rain-making; fine-grained castings; single
crystals for
semiconductors; amorphous metals
10. The light alloys 100
where they score over steels; how they can be made stronger:
solution,
age and work hardening; thermal stability
11. Steels: I – carbon steels 113
structures produced by diffusive changes; structures
produced by
displacive changes (martensite); why quenching and tempering
can
transform the strength of steels; the TTT diagram
12. Steels: II – alloy steels 125
adding other elements gives hardenability (ease of
martensite formation),
solution strengthening, precipitation strengthening,
corrosion resistance,
and austenitic (f.c.c.) steels
13. Case studies in steels 133
metallurgical detective work after a boiler explosion;
welding steels
together safely; the case of the broken hammer
14. Production, forming and joining of metals 143
processing routes for metals; casting; plastic working;
control of grain
size; machining; joining; surface engineering
B. Ceramics and glasses
15. Ceramics and glasses 161
the generic ceramics and glasses: glasses, vitreous
ceramics, hightechnology
ceramics, cements and concretes, natural ceramics (rocks and
ice), ceramic composites; design data
16. Structure of ceramics 167
crystalline ceramics; glassy ceramics; ceramic alloys;
ceramic microstructures:
pure, vitreous and composite
17. The mechanical properties of ceramics 177
high stiffness and hardness; poor toughness and thermal
shock
resistance; the excellent creep resistance of refractory
ceramics
vi Contents
18. The statistics of brittle fracture and case study 185
how the distribution of flaw sizes gives a dispersion of
strength: the
Weibull distribution; why the strength falls with time
(static fatigue);
case study: the design of pressure windows
19. Production, forming and joining of ceramics 194
processing routes for ceramics; making and pressing powders
to shape;
working glasses; making high-technology ceramics; joining
ceramics;
applications of high-performance ceramics
20. Special topic: cements and concretes 207
historical background; cement chemistry; setting and
hardening of
cement; strength of cement and concrete; high-strength
cements
C. Polymers and composites
21. Polymers 219
the generic polymers: thermoplastics, thermosets,
elastomers, natural
polymers; design data
22. The structure of polymers 228
giant molecules and their architecture; molecular packing:
amorphous
or crystalline?
23. Mechanical behaviour of polymers 238
how the modulus and strength depend on temperature and time
24. Production, forming and joining of polymers 254
making giant molecules by polymerisation; polymer “alloys”;
forming
and joining polymers
25. Composites: fibrous, particulate and foamed 263
how adding fibres or particles to polymers can improve their
stiffness,
strength and toughness; why foams are good for absorbing
energy
26. Special topic: wood 277
one of nature’s most successful composite materials
D. Designing with metals, ceramics, polymers and composites
27. Design with materials 289
the design-limiting properties of metals, ceramics, polymers
and composites;
design methodology
Contents vii
28. Case studies in design 296
1. Designing with metals: conveyor drums for an iron ore
terminal 296
2. Designing with ceramics: ice forces on offshore
structures 303
3. Designing with polymers: a plastic wheel 308
4. Designing with composites: materials for violin bodies
312
Appendix 1 Teaching yourself phase diagrams 320
Appendix 2 Symbols and formulae 370
Index 377
