Electronic Devices And Circuits Dr. K. Lal Kishore Ph.D, Mieee, Fiete, Miste, Mishm.
Contents
Symbols
Brief History of Electronics
Chapter 1
Electron Dynamics and CRO ....................... 1-39
1.1 Electron Dynamics ................................. 2
1.2 Motion of Charged Particles in Electric and Magnetic Fields ............................... 2
1.3 Simple Problems Involving Electric and Magnetic Fields Only
.......................... 24
1.4 Principles of CRT ................................. 26
1.5 Deflection Sensitivity ............................ 29
1.6 Applications ofCRO ............................. 36
Summary ......... 36
Objective Type Questions ..................... 37
Essay Type Questions ........................... 38
Multiple Choice Questions .................... 38
Chapter2
Junction Diode Characteristics .............. 39-134
2.1 Review of Semiconductor Physics ...... 40
2.2 Energy Band Structures ........................ 61
2.3 Conduction in Semiconductors ............ 62
2.4 Conductivity of an Intrinsic Semiconductor ................. 66
2.5 Donor Type or n-Type Semiconductors ....................... 67
2.6 Acceptor Type or p-Type Semiconductors ................... 68
2.7 Ionization Energy .................................. 68
2.8 Holes and Electrons .............................. 68
2.9 Mass Action Law .................................. 70
2.10 Law of Electrical Neutrality .................. 70
2.11 The Fermi Dirac Function .................... 75
2.12 Total Current in a Semiconductor ........ 84
2.13 Einstein Relationship ............................. 90
2. i 4 Continuity Equation ............................... 90
2.15 The Hall Effect ...................................... 92
2.16 Semiconductor Diode Characteristics .. 96
2.17 The p-n Junction Diode in Reverse Bias ....................... 98
2.18 The p-n Junction Diode in Forward Bias ...................... 98
2.19 Band Structure of an Open Circuit p-n Junction .......... 99
2.20 The Current Components in a p-n Junction Diode ..... 102
2.21 Law of the Junction ............................ 103
2.22 Diode Current equation ....................... 104
2.23 Volt-Ampere Characteristics of a p-n Junction diode . 105
2.24 Temperature Dependance ofp-n Junction Diode Characteristics .................... 107
2.25 Space Charge or Transition Capacitance C
2.26 Diffusion Capacitance, CD 111
2.27 Diode Switching Times ...................... 113
2.28 Break Down Mechanism .................... 118
2.29 Zener Diode ... 119
2.30 The Tunnel Diode ............ : .. 0' ooooooooooooooo 120
2.31 Varactor Diode ........ .' ........................... 123
Summary ......................... : ...... 129
Objective Type Questions ................... 130
Essay Type Questions ......................... 13 1
Multiple Choice Questions .................. 132
Chapter 3
Rectifiers, Filters and Regulators ........ 135-184
3.1 Rectifiers ....... 136
3.2 Half-Wave Rectifier ............................. 136
3.3 Full Wave Rectifier ( FWR ) ............... 146
3.4 Bridge Rectifiers ................................. 150
3.5 Comparison of Rectifier Circuits ........ 151
3.6 Voltage Doubler Circuit ....................... 152
3.7 Inductor Filter Circuits ....................... 152
3.8 Capacitor Filter ................................... 157
3.9 LC Filter ........ 161
3.10 CLC or 1t Filter .................................... 165
3.11 Multiple LC Filters .............................. 169
3.12 Introduction to Regulators .................. 173
3.13 Terminology .. 182
Summary ....... 183
Objective Type Questions ................... 183
Essay Type Questions ......................... 184
Multiple Choice Questions .................. 184
Chapter 4
Transistor Characteristics ..................... 185-266
4.1 Bipolar Junction Transistors ( BJT's ) ........................ 186
4.2 Transistor Construction ...................... 190
4.3 The Ebers-Moll Equation .................... 191
4.4 Types of Transistor Configurations ... 192
4.5 Convention for Transistors and Diodes ...................... 202
4.6 Field Effect Transistor (FET) ............ 213
4.7 FET Structure ..................................... 215
4.8 FET Operation .................................... 219
4.9 JFET Volt-Ampere Characteristics ..... 222
4.10 Transfer Characteristics of FET ........ 224
4.11 FET Small Signal Model ..................... 228
4.12 FET Tree ....... 233
4.13 The Depletion MOSFET ..................... 240
4.14 CMOS Structure (Complementary MOS) ................... 243
4.15 Silicon Controlled Rectifier ................. 246
4.16 Unijunction Transistor (UJT) .............. 251
4.17 LED's ............ 255
4.18 Photo Diodes . 255
4.19 Photo Transistors ............................... 256
Summary ....... 257
Objective Type Questions ................... 258
Essay Type Questions ......................... 259
Multiple Choice Questions .................. 260
Chapter 5
Transistor Biasing and Stabilization .... 261-312
5.1 Transistor Biasing ............................... 268
5.2 Fixed Bias Circuit or (Base Bias Circuit) .................... 270
5.3 Bias Stability .. 271
5.4 Thermal Instability .............................. 271
5.5 Stability Factor'S' for Fixed Bias Circuit ................... 272
5.6 Collector to Base Bias Circuit ............. 273
5.7 Self Bias or Emitter Bias Circuit ......... 276
5.8 Stability Factor'S' for Self Bias Circuit.. .................... 277
5.9 Stability Factor S I .............. 278
5.10 Stability Factor S" for Self Bias Circuit ......... 280
5.11 Practical Considerations ...................... 280
5.12 Bias Compensation .............................. 281
5.13 Biasing Circuits For Linear Integrated Circuits .................... 284
5.14 Thermistor and Sensistor Compensation ............................ 285
5.15 Thermal Runaway ............. 286
5.16 Stability Factor S" for Self Bias Circuit ............................ 292
5.17 FETBiasing ........ _ ............................. 298
5.18 Basic FET Circuits .............................. 302
Summary ....... 309
Objective Type Questions ................... 310
Essay Type Questions ......................... 310
Multiple Choice Questions .................. 311
Chapter 6
Amplifiers ...................... 313-380
6.1 Introduction .. 314
6.2 Black Box Theory ............................... 314
6.3 Transistor Hybrid Model ..................... 318
6.4 Transistor in Common Emitter Configuration ............. 318
6.5 Determination of h-Parameters From the Characteristics of a Transistor ....... 319
6.6 Common Collector Configuration ( CC ) .................... 321
6.7 Hybrid Parameter Variations ................ 322
6.8 Conversion of Parameters From C.B. to C.E ............. 323
6.9 Measurement of h-Parameters ............ 325
6.10 General Amplifier Characteristics ....... 327
6.11 Analysis of Transistor Amplifier Circuit Using h-Parameters ........................... 330
6.12 Comparison of the CE, CB, CC Configurations .......... 334
6.13 Small Signal Analysis of Junction Transistor .............. 337
6.14 High Input Resistance Transistor Circuits .................. 354
6.15 Boot Strapped Darlington Circuit ....... 358
6.16 The Cascode Transistor Configuration ....................... 361
6.17 The JFET Low frequency Equivalent Circuits ............ 365
6.18 Comparison of FET and BJT Characteristics ............. 369
6.19 R. C. Coupled Amplifier ...................... 370
6.20 Concept of fa' fp and fT ..... 373
Summary ....... 375
Objective Type Questions ................... 376
Essay Type Questions ......................... 377
Multiple Choice Questions .................. 378
Chapter 7
FeedbackAmplifiers ..... 381-428
7.1 FeedbackAmplifiers ........................... 382
7.2 Classification of Amplifiers ................. 382
7.3 Feedback Concept .............................. 385
7.4 Types of Feedback ............................. 387
7.5 Effect of Negative Feedback on Transfer Gain ...................... 387
7.6 Transfer Gain with Feedback ............. 392
7.7 Classifaction of Feedback Amplifiers . 396
7.8 Effect of Feedback on Input Resistance ................. 397
7.9 Effect of Negative Feedback on R ... ..400 o
7.10 Analysis of Feedback Amplifiers ........ 406
Summary ....... 424
Objective Type Questions ................... 425
Essay Type Questions ......................... 426
Multiple Choice Questions .................. 427
Chapter 8
Oscillators ..................... 429-453
8.1 Oscillators ..... 430
8.2 Sinusoidal Oscillators .......................... 433
8.3 Barkhausen Criterion .... : ...................... 433
8.4 R - C Phase-Shift Oscillator (Using JFET) ................ 434
8.5 Transistor RC Phase-Shift Oscillator . 437
8.6 The General form of LC Oscillator Circuit ................. 440
8.7 Loop Gain ...... 440
8.8 Wien Bridge Oscillator ........................ 443
8.9 Expression for f. ................................. 444
8.10 Thermistor .... 445
8.11 Sensistor ........ 445
8.12 Amplitude Stabilization ...................... 445
8.13 Applications ... 446
8.14 Resonant Circuit Oscillators ............... 446
8.15 Crystal Oscillators ............................... 447
8.16 Frequency Stability ............................. 448
8.17 Frequency of Oscillations for Parallel Resonance Circuit.. ......... 449
8.18 I-MHz FET Crystals Oscillator Circuit .................... 449
Summary ....... 450
Objective Type Questions ................... 451
Essay Type Questions ......................... 452
Multiple Choice Questions .................. 452
Additional Objective Type Questions (Chapter 1-8)........................ 454
Answers to Additional Objective Type Questions .......... 455
Appendices ............... ... 457
Appendix-I Colour Codes for Electronic Components .......................... 458
Appendix-II Resistor and Capacitor Values ........................ 461
Appendix-III Capacitors .... .................. 464
Appendix-IV Inductors ........................... 470
Appendix-V Miscellaneous ................... 474
Appendix-VI Circuit Symbols ...................................... 484
Appendix-VII Unit Conversion Factors .. 486
Appendix- VIII American Wire Gauge Sizes and Metric Equivalents ...................... 489
Answers to Objective Type and Multiple Choice Questions ............. ............................. 491
Index ... ....... ................. 501
