Broadband Circuits for Optical Fiber
Communication Eduard Sackinger
Contents
2 Optical Fiber
2.1 Loss and Bandwidth
2.2 Dispersion
2.6 Problems
Pulse Spreading due to Chromatic Dispersion
3 Photodetectors
3.1 p-i-n Photodetector
3.4 Summary
3.5 Problems
p-i-n Detector with Optical Preamplifier
xii CONTENTS
4 Receiver Fundamentals
4.1 Receiver Model
4.2 Bit-Error Rate
4.3 Sensitivity
4.4 Personick Integrals
4.5 Power Penalty
4.6 Bandwidth
4.7 Adaptive Equalizer
4.8 Nonlinearity
4.9 Jitter
4.10 Decision Threshold Control
4. I I Forward Error Correction
4.12 Summary
4.13 Problems
5 Transimpedance Ampl@ers
5. I TIA Specifications
5. 1. I Transimpedance
5.1.2 Input Overload Current
5.1.4 Input-Referred Noise Current
5.1.5 Bandwidth and Group-Delay Variation
5.2. I Low- and High-Impedance Front-Ends
5.2.2 Shunt Feedback TIA
5.2.3 Noise Optimization
5.2.4 Adaptive Transimpedance
5.2.5 Post Amplijier
5.2.6 Common-BaseIGate Input Stage
5.2.7 Current-Mode TIA
5.2.8 Active-Feedback TIA
5.2.9 Inductive Input Coupling
5.2. 10 Differential TIA and Offset Control
5.2.1 I Burst-Mode TIA
5.2.12 Analog Receiver
5.3 TIA Circuit Implementations
5.3.3 CMOS Technology
Maximum Input Current for Linear Operation
5.2 TIA Circuit Concepts
MESFET and HFET Technology
BJI: BiCMOS, and HBT Technology
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CONTENTS xiii
5.4 ProductExamples
5.5 Research Directions
5.6 Summary
5.7 Problems
6 Main Amplifers
6. I Limiting vs. Automatic Gain Control (AGC)
6.2 MA Specifications
6.2.1 Gain
6.2.2 Bandwidth and Group-Delay Variation
6.2.3 Noise Figure
6.2.4 Input Dynamic Range
6.2.5 Input Ofset Voltage
6.2.6 Low-Frequency Cutof
6.2.7 AM-to-PM Conversion
6.3.1 Multistage Amplifier
6.3.2 Techniques for Broadband Stages
6.3.3 Ofset Compensation
6.3.4 Automatic Gain Control
6.3.5 Loss of Signal Detection
6.3.6 Burst-Mode Amplifier
6.4. I
6.4.2 BJT and HBT Technology
6.4.3 CMOS Technology
6.3 MA Circuit Concepts
6.4 MA Circuit Implementations
MESFET and HFET Technology
6.5 Product Examples
6.6 Research Directions
6.7 Summary
6.8 Problems
7 Optical Transmitters
7. I Transmitter Specijications
7.2 Lasers
7.3 Modulators
7.5 Summary
7.6 Problems
Limits in Optical Communication Systems
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8 Laser and Modulator Drivers
8. I Driver SpeciJications
8.1.1 Modulation and Bias Current Range
(Laser Drivers)
8.1.2 Output Voltage Range (Laser Drivers)
8.1.3 Modulation and Bias Voltage Range
(Modulator Drivers)
8.1.4 Power Dissipation
8.1.5 Rise and Fall Times
8.1.6 Pulse- Width Distortion
8. I . 7 Jitter Generation
8.1.8 Eye-Diagram Mask Test
8.2 Driver Circuit Concepts
8.2. I Current-Steering Output Stage
8.2.2 Back Termination
8.2.3 Predrive r
8.2.4 Pulse- Width Control
8.2.5 Data Retiming
8.2.6 Automatic Power Control (Lasers)
8.2.7 End-of-Life Detection (Lasers)
8.2.8
8.2.9 Burst-Mode Laser Driver
8.2. I 0 Analog Laser/Modulator Driver
8.3.1 MESFET and HFET Technology
8.3.2 BJT and HBT Technology
8.3.3 CMOS Technology
Automatic Bias Control (MZ Modulators)
8.3 Driver Circuit Implementations
8.4 Product Examples
8.5 Research Directions
8.6 Summary
8.7 Problems
Appendix A Eye Diagrams
Appendix B Differential Circuits
B.1 Differential Mode and Common Mode
B.2 The Modes of Currents and Impedances
B.3 Common-Mode and Power-Supply Rejection
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Appendix C S Parameters
C. I Dejinition and Simulation
C.2 Matching Considerations
C.3 Diflerential S Parameters
Appendix D Transistors and Technologies
D.1 MOSFET and MESFET
0.2 Heterostructure FET (HFET)
0.3 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
0.4 Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor (HBT)
Appendix E Answers to the Problems
Appendix F Notation
Appendix G Symbols
Appendix H Acronyms
References 407
Index 425
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