The
Teachers Grammar Book
Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xiii
1 A Short History of
Grammar 1
Agreeing on a Definition 1
Greek Beginnings 2
Grammar in Rome 5
Grammar in the Middle Ages
7
The Age of Enlightenment 9
The Age of Reason 12
Modern Grammars 15
2 Teaching Grammar 17
Recognizing the Challenges
17
Learning Outcomes 19
Grammar and Writing 23
Why Teach Grammar? 40
Best Practices 41
Suggested Activities 47
v
3 Traditional Grammar 50
Prescriptive Grammar in
Our Schools 50
Form and Function in
Grammar 53
Subjects and Predicates 54
Nouns 59
Pronouns 60
Verbs 70
Modifiers 77
Function Words 82
4 Phrase Structure Grammar
97
From the Universal to the
Particular 97
Phrase–Structure Rules 101
Tree Diagrams 107
Coordination 114
Progressive Verb Forms 130
Perfect Verb Forms 133
Possessives 133
Restrictive and
Nonrestrictive Modification 134
Subordinate Clauses 136
Complement Clauses 139
Relative Clauses 142
Negatives 152
Nonfinite Verb Forms 154
Summary of
Phrase–Structure Rules 156
5 Noam Chomsky and Grammar
161
The Chomsky Revolution 161
Deep Structure and Surface
Structure 166
The Basics of
Transformation Rules 169
Relative Clause Formation 174
The Minimalist Program 162
A Critique of the Minimalist
Program 191
6 Cognitive Grammar 197
What Is Cognitive Grammar?
197
Modularity 198
Determining Meaning 199
Cognitive Grammar and
Language Acquisition 206
vi CONTENTS
7 Dialects 220
What Is a Dialect? 220
How Do Dialects Develop? 221
Students and Dialects 224
Slang 228
Development of a Prestige
Dialect 230
Nonstandard Dialects 230
Dialects and Education 233
Black English 236
Chicano English 245
Chicano English Grammar 246
Chicano English in the
Classroom 248
Spanglish 250
Code Switching 250
References 254
Index
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