Power Electronics Handbook
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF MUHAMMAD H. RASHID
Ph.D., Fellow IEE, Fellow IEEE
Professor and Director University of Florida=University of
West Florida Joint Program and Computer Engineering University of West Florida
Pensacola, Florida SAN
Contents
Preface .. . . . . . . . . . . xi
List of Contributors .. . xiii
1 Introduction Philip Krein .. . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Power Electronics Defined.. . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Key Characteristics.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Trends in Power Supplies .. . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Conversion Examples .. . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5 Tools For Analysis and Design .. . . . . . 7
1.6 Summary .. . 12
2 The Power Diode Ali I. Maswood .. . . . . . 15
2.1 Diode as a Switch .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2 Some Properties of PN Junction .. . . . 15
2.3 Common Diode Types .. . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4 Typical Diode Ratings .. . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.5 Snubber Circuits for Diode .. . . . . . . . 19
2.6 Series and Parallel Connection of Power Diodes . . . . .
19
2.7 Typical Applications of Diodes .. . . . . 23
2.8 Standard Datasheet for Diode Selection . . . . . . . . .
. 23
3 Thyristors Jerry Hudgins, Enrico Santi, Antonio Caiafa,
Katherine Lengel, and Patrick R. Palmer . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.2 Basic Structure and Operation .. . . . . . 28
3.3 Static Characteristics .. . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.4 Dynamic Switching Characteristics .. . . 33
3.5 Thyristor Parameters .. . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.6 Types of Thyristors .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.7 Gate Drive Requirements .. . . . . . . . . 45
3.8 PSpice Model .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.9 Applications .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4 Gate Turn-Off Thyristors Muhammad H. Rashid . . . . . . 55
4.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.2 Basic Structure and Operation .. . . . . . 55
4.3 GTO Thyristor Models .. . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.4 Static Characteristics .. . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.5 Switching Phases .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.6 SPICE GTO Model .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.7 Applications .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
v
5 Power Bipolar Transistors Marcelo Godoy Simo˜es . . . . .
. . 63
5.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.2 Basic Structure and Operation .. . . . . . 64
5.3 Static Characteristics .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.4 Dynamic Switching Characteristics .. . . 68
5.5 Transistor Base Drive Applications.. . . . 69
5.6 SPICE Simulation of Bipolar Junction Transistors . . . .
71
5.7 BJT Applications .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
6 The Power MOSFET Issa Batarseh .. . . . . . 75
6.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.2 The Need for Switching in Power Electronic Circuits . .
76
6.3 General Switching Characteristics .. . . . 78
6.4 The Power MOSFET .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6.5 MOSFET Structure .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.6 MOSFET Regions of Operation.. . . . . . 83
6.7 MOSFET PSPICE Model .. . . . . . . . . . 93
6.8 Comparison of Power Devices .. . . . . . 96
6.9 Future Trends in Power Devices .. . . . . 98
7 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor S. Abedinpour and K.
Shenai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
7.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
7.2 Basic Structure and Operation .. . . . . . 102
7.3 Static Characteristics .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
7.4 Dynamic Switching Characteristics .. . . 105
7.5 IGBT Performance Parameters .. . . . . . 107
7.6 Gate-Drive Requirements .. . . . . . . . . . 109
7.7 Circuit Models .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
7.8 Applications .. 113
8 MOS Controlled Thyristors (MCTs) S. Yuvarajan . . . . . .
117
8.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
8.2 Equivalent Circuit and Switching Characteristics . . . .
. 118
8.3 Comparison of MCT and Other Power Devices . . . . . .
119
8.4 Gate Drive for MCTs .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
8.5 Protection of MCTs.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
8.6 Simulation Model of an MCT.. . . . . . . 121
8.7 Generation-1 and Generation-2 MCTs .. 121
8.8 N-channel MCT .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
8.9 Base Resistance-Controlled Thyristor [14]. . . . . . . .
. . 121
8.10 MOS Turn-Off Thyristor [15] .. . . . . . . 122
8.11 Applications of PMCT.. . . . . . . . . . . . 122
8.12 Conclusions .. 124
8.13 Appendix.. . . 124
9 Static Induction Devices Bogdan M. Wilamowski . . . . . .
. 127
9.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
9.2 Theory of Static Induction Devices .. . . 127
9.3 Characteristics of Static Induction Transistor. . . . .
. . . 128
9.4 Bipolar Mode Operation of SI Devices (BSIT). . . . . . .
130
9.5 Emitters for Static Induction Devices .. . 130
9.6 Static Induction Diode (SID) .. . . . . . . 131
9.7 Lateral Punch-Through Transistor (LPTT) . . . . . . . .
. 132
9.8 Static Induction Transistor Logic (SITL).132
9.9 BJT Saturation Protected by SIT .. . . . . 132
9.10 Static Induction MOS Transistor (SIMOS) . . . . . . . .
. 133
vi Contents
9.11 Space-Charge Limiting Load (SCLL).. . 134
9.12 Power MOS Transistors .. . . . . . . . . . 134
9.13 Static Induction Thyristor .. . . . . . . . . 135
9.14 Gate Turn-Off Thyristor (GTO).. . . . . 136
10 Diode Rectifiers Yim-Shu Lee and Martin H. L. Chow . . .
139
10.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
10.2 Single-Phase Diode Rectifiers .. . . . . . 139
10.3 Three-Phase Diode Rectifiers .. . . . . . 144
10.4 Poly-Phase Diode Rectifiers .. . . . . . . 148
10.5 Filtering Systems in Rectifier Circuits .150
10.6 High-Frequency Diode Rectifier Circuits . . . . . . . .
. 154
11 Single-Phase Controlled Rectifiers Jose´ Rodrı´guez and
Alejandro Weinstein . . . . . . . 169
11.1 Line Commutated Single-Phase Controlled Rectifiers. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
11.2 Unity Power Factor Single-Phase Rectifiers. . . . . . .
. 175
12 Three-Phase Controlled Rectifiers Juan W. Dixon. . . . .
. 183
12.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
12.2 Line-Commutated Controlled Rectifiers. . . . . . . . .
. 183
12.3 Force-Commutated Three-Phase Controlled Rectifiers . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
13 DC-DC Converters Dariusz Czarkowski .. . 211
13.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
13.2 DC Choppers .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
13.3 Step-Down (Buck) Converter.. . . . . . 213
13.4 Step-Up (Boost) Converter .. . . . . . . 215
13.5 Buck-Boost Converter.. . . . . . . . . . . 216
13.6 C ` uk Converter.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
13.7 Effects of Parasitics.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
13.8 Synchronous and Bidirectional Converters . . . . . . .
. 220
13.9 Control Principles .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
13.10 Applications of DC-DC Converters .. . 223
14 Inverters Jose´ R. Espinoza .. . . . . . . . . . . 225
14.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
14.2 Single-Phase Voltage Source Inverters .227
14.3 Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters .235
14.4 Current Source Inverters .. . . . . . . . . 241
14.5 Closed-Loop Operation of Inverters .. 250
14.6 Regeneration in Inverters .. . . . . . . . 256
14.7 Multistage Inverters .. . . . . . . . . . . . 260
14.8 Acknowledgments .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
15 Resonant and Soft-Switching Converters S. Y. (Ron) Hui
and Henry S. H. Chung. . 271
15.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
15.2 Classification .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
15.3 Resonant Switch .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
15.4 Quasi-Resonant Converters .. . . . . . . 273
15.5 ZVS in High-Frequency Applications .275
15.6 Multiresonant Converters (MRC) .. . . 280
15.7 Zero-Voltage-Transition (ZVT) Converters . . . . . . .
. 282
15.8 Nondissipative Active Clamp Network.283
15.9 Load Resonant Converters .. . . . . . . . 284
15.10 Control Circuits for Resonant Converters . . . . . . .
. 287
15.11 Extended-Period Quasi-Resonant (EP-QR) Converters . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
15.12 Soft-Switching and EMI Suppression.. 293
15.13 Snubbers and Soft-Switching for High Power Devices . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
>>>>>>>>TO<<<<<<<<<<<
770
Contents ix
29.3 AI Applications in Electrical Machines and Drives . . .
773
29.4 Industrial Applications of AI in Drives by Hitachi,
Yaskawa, Texas Instruments and SGS Thomson . . . . . . 774
29.5 Application of Neural-Network-Based Speed Estimators .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774
30 Fuzzy Logic in Electric Drives Ahmed Rubaai . . . . . . .
. . 779
30.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779
30.2 The Fuzzy Logic Concept .. . . . . . . . . 779
30.3 Applications of Fuzzy Logic to Electric Drives . . . .
. . 784
30.4 Hardware System Description .. . . . . . 788
30.5 Conclusion.. 789
31 Automotive Applications of Power Electronics David J.
Perreault, Khurram K. Afridi, and Iftikhar A. Khan . . . 791
31.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791
31.2 The Present Automotive Electrical Power System . . . .
792
31.3 System Environment .. . . . . . . . . . . . 792
31.4 Functions Enabled by Power Electronics . . . . . . . .
. . 797
31.5 Multiplexed Load Control.. . . . . . . . . 801
31.6 Electromechanical Power Conversion .. 803
31.7 Dual=High-Voltage Automotive Electrical System . . . .
808
31.8 Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles .. 812
31.9 Summary .. . 813
32 Power Quality S. Mark Halpin and Angela Card. . . . . . .
. 817
32.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817
32.2 Power Quality.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818
32.3 Reactive Power and Harmonic Compensation . . . . . .
823
32.4 IEEE Standards .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827
32.5 Conclusions .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828
33 Active Filters Luis Mora´n and Juan Dixon .. 829
33.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829
33.2 Types of Active Power Filters.. . . . . . . 829
33.3 Shunt Active Power Filters .. . . . . . . . 830
33.4 Series Active Power Filters .. . . . . . . . 841
34 Computer Simulation of Power Electronics and Motor Drives
Michael Giesselmann . . .. . 853
34.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853
34.2 Use of Simulation Tools for Design and Analysis . . . .
853
34.3 Simulation of Power Electronics Circuits with PSpice1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854
34.4 Simulations of Power Electronic Circuits and Electric
Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . 857
34.5 Simulations of ac Induction Machines using Field
Oriented (Vector) Control. . . 860
34.6 Simulation of Sensorless Vector Control Using PSpice1
Release 9. . .. . . . . 863
34.7 Simulations Using Simplorer1 .. . . . . 868
34.8 Conclusions .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870
35 Packaging and Smart Power Systems Douglas C. Hopkins . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871
35.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871
35.2 Background .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871
35.3 Functional Integration .. . . . . . . . . . . 872
35.4 Assessing Partitioning Technologies .. . 874
35.5 Full-Cost Model [5]. . . . . . . .. . . . . . 877
35.6 Partitioning Approach .. . . . . . . . . . . 878
35.7 Example 2.2kW Motor Drive Design .. 879
35.8 Acknowledgment.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881
Index .. . . . . . . . . . . . 883
