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Op Amps For Everyone Design Reference Ron Mancini




Op Amps For Everyone Design Reference  Ron Mancini
Contents
1 The Op Amp’s Place In The World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
2 Review of Circuit Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.2 Laws of Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.3 Voltage Divider Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
2.4 Current Divider Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4


2.5 Thevenin’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
2.6 Superposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
2.7 Calculation of a Saturated Transistor Circuit . . . 2-9
2.8 Transistor Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10
3 Development of the Ideal Op Amp Equations . . . . . 3-1
3.1 Ideal Op Amp Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
3.2 The Noninverting Op Amp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
3.3 The Inverting Op Amp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
3.4 The Adder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
3.5 The Differential Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
3.6 Complex Feedback Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
3.7 Video Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
3.8 Capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
3.9 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11
4 Single Supply Op Amp Design Techniques . . . . . . . 4-1
4.1 Single Supply versus Dual Supply . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
4.2 Circuit Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
4.3 Simultaneous Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
4.3.1 Case 1: VOUT = +mVIN+b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9
4.3.2 Case 2: VOUT = +mVIN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13
4.3.3 Case 3: VOUT = –. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16
4.3.4 Case 4: VOUT = –mVIN – b . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19
4.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22
5 Feedback and Stability Theory . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
5.1 Why Study Feedback Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
5.2 Block Diagram Math and Manipulations . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
5.3 Feedback Equation and Stability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
>>>>>>TO<<<<
16.5 Band-Pass Filter Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-27
16.5.1 Second-Order Band-Pass Filter . . . . 16-29
16.5.2 Fourth-Order Band-Pass Filter (Staggered Tuning) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-32
16.6 Band-Rejection Filter Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-36
16.6.1 Active Twin-T Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-37
16.6.2 Active Wien-Robinson Filter . . . . . . . . 16-39
16.7 All-Pass Filter Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-41
16.7.1 First-Order All-Pass Filter . . . . . . . . . . 16-44
16.7.2 Second-Order All-Pass Filter . . . . . . . 16-44
16.7.3 Higher-Order All-Pass Filter . . . . . . . . 16-45
16.8 Practical Design Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-47
16.8.1 Filter Circuit Biasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-47
16.8.2 Capacitor Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-50
16.8.3 Component Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-52
16.8.4 Op Amp Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-53
16.9 Filter Coefficient Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-55
16.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-63
17 Circuit Board Layout Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-1
17.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-1
17.1.1 The PCB is a Component of the Op Amp Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-1
17.1.2 Prototype, Prototype, PROTOTYPE! . 17-1
17.1.3 Noise Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-2
17.2 PCB Mechanical Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-3
17.2.1 Materials — Choosing the Right One for the Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-3
17.2.2 How Many Layers are Best? . . . . . . . . 17-4
17.2.3 Board Stack-Up — The Order of Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-6
17.3 Grounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-7
17.3.1 The Most Important Rule: Keep Grounds Separate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-7
17.3.2 Other Ground Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-7
17.3.3 A Good Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-9
17.3.4 A Notable Exception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-10
17.4 The Frequency Characteristics of Passive Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-11
17.4.1 Resistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-11
17.4.2 Capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-12
17.4.3 Inductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-13
17.4.4 Unexpected PCB Passive Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-14
17.5 Decoupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-20
17.5.1 Digital Circuitry — A Major Problem for Analog Circuitry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-20
17.5.2 Choosing the Right Capacitor . . . . . . 17-21
17.5.3 Decoupling at the IC Level . . . . . . . . . 17-22
17.5.4 Decoupling at the Board Level . . . . . 17-23
17.6 Input and Output Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-23

17.7 Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-24
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