Handbook On
Satellite Communications (Hsc) (Edition 3)
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION........
xxiii
CHAPTER 1 –
General........................................ 1
1.1
Introduction........................................ 1
1.2 Historical
background......................... 2
1.3 Definition
of satellite services .............. 2
1.3.1
Fixed-satellite services FSS .......... 2
1.3.2 Other
satellite services.................. 5
1.4
Characteristics and services ................ 8
1.4.1 Main
components of a communication satellite system........ 8
1.4.1.1 The
space segment ......... 8
1.4.1.2 The
earth segment .......... 11
1.4.2 Frequency
bands........................... 11
1.4.3 Different
types of system.............. 13
1.4.3.1 Global
coverage systems ....................................... 13
1.4.3.2 Regional
and national systems ............................... 13
1.4.4 Basic
characteristics of satellite telecommunications............ 15
1.4.4.1
Coverage........................ 15
1.4.4.2 Multiple
access............... 16
1.4.4.3
Distribution.................... 18
1.4.4.4
Frequency reuse and bandwidth utilization ............ 18
1.4.4.5
Propagation delay........... 20
1.4.4.6
Flexibility and availability..................................... 21
1.4.5 Range of
services provided........... 22
1.4.5.1
Telephony, fax, etc., services................................. 23
1.4.5.2
Television/video and audio services....................... 24
1.4.5.3 Data
transmissions and business services ............... 26
1.4.5.4
Integrated services digital network (ISDN) services
...................................... 28
1.4.5.5
Emergency communication services ...................... 29
1.4.5.6 Cable
restoration services ...................................... 30
1.5 Regulatory
considerations and system planning........................ 30
1.5.1
Introduction.................................. 30
1.5.2 Global
regulations considerations ........................................ 31
1.5.2.1 Existing
satellite systems ....................................... 32
1.5.2.2 New
satellite systems ..... 34
1.5.3
Implementation of new systems .... 35
1.5.3.1
Preliminary techno-economic studies..................... 36
1.5.3.2 Initial
planning ............... 36
1.5.3.3 Detailed
planning ........... 37
1.5.3.4
Installation ..................... 38
1.5.3.5
Operation and maintenance ................................... 39
ii
Page
CHAPTER 2 – Some basic technical issues......... 41
2.1
Characteristics of a satellite link......... 41
2.1.1 The basic
satellite link.................. 41
2.1.2 Basic
characteristics of an antenna....................................... 43
2.1.2.1 Antenna
gain definition .. 43
2.1.2.2 Antenna
effective aperture and gain....................... 44
2.1.3 Power
radiated and received by an antenna .......................... 46
2.1.3.1 Power
flux-density, equivalent isotropically radiated power and freespace
attenuation............
46
2.1.3.2
Additional losses ............ 49
2.1.4 Noise
power received on the link.. 49
2.1.4.1 Noise
temperature .......... 49
2.1.4.2 Noise
temperature of a receiver ............................. 50
2.1.4.3 Noise
temperature of an antenna............................ 50
2.1.4.4 Noise
temperature of a receiving system................ 52
2.1.4.5 Figure
of merit of a receiving station ..................... 53
2.1.5 Non-linear
effects in power amplifiers ................................. 54
2.1.5.1 General
.......................... 54
2.1.5.2
Intermodulation.............. 55
2.1.5.3 Non-linear
effects in digital transmission............... 57
2.2 Quality and
availability ....................... 58
2.2.1
Introduction.................................. 58
2.2.2 Quality of
Service (QoS) .............. 60
2.2.3 ITU-R and
ITU-T recommendations.................................... 61
2.2.3.1
Availability objectives.... 61
2.2.3.2 Quality
objectives, analogue transmission.............. 62
2.2.3.3 Quality
objectives, digital transmission.................. 64
iii) SDH
satellite transmission............ 67
iv) ATM
satellite transmission........... 68
2.2.4 Satellite
operator standards........... 68
2.2.5 Private
corporate network operator performance requirements
.................................... 69
2.3 Link
calculations.................................. 71
2.3.1
Introduction.................................. 71
2.3.2 Uplink
(C/N0)u.............................. 72
2.3.3 Downlink
(C/N0)d ......................... 73
2.3.4 Link
budget for a transparent transponder ............................ 74
2.3.4.1 Combined
uplink and downlink (C/N0)ud ............... 74
2.3.4.2 Other
noise contributions to the link budget........... 75
2.3.4.3 Total
link budget (C/N0)total ................................. 76
2.3.4.4
Atmospheric losses......... 78
2.3.4.5
Remarks......................... 78
2.3.4.6
Conclusions ................... 79
2.3.5 Link
budget for a regenerative transponder .......................... 80
>>>>>>>>>>>>>
To <<<<<<<<<
Page
ANNEX 2 – Typical examples of link budget
calculations........... 958
AN2.1 Analogue
multiplexed telephony (FDM-FM-FDMA)
................................................. 958
AN2.2 Digital
transmission: rural communications networks (FDMA/SCPC/PSK)............. 962
AN2.2.1 Star
network .................................................... 962
AN2.2.2 Mesh
network.................................................. 966
AN2.3
Multiplexed digital transmission
(FDMA-TDM-PSK)................................................ 968
AN2.4 High
bit-rate digital transmission (120 Mbit/s TDMA) ..............................................
971
AN2.4.1
Characteristics of the TDMA system................ 971
AN2.4.2
Characteristics of the EUTELSAT II capacity used for the TDMA system
............ 972
AN2.4.3
Performance objectives .................................... 972
AN2.4.4 Link
budget calculation.................................... 974
AN2.4.4.1 Fading
in the uplink ............................. 975
AN2.4.4.2 Fading
in the downlink ........................ 976
AN2.4.4.3
Comparison of available and required C/T
................................................ 977
AN2.5 Digital TV
broadcasting (multiple programmes per transponder) ............................
978
AN2.6 Satellite
news gathering .......................................... 980
AN2.7 30/20 GHz
system with on-board processing (OBP)
................................................... 983
ANNEX 3 – General overview of existing systems
....................... 985
AN3.1
International satellite systems ............................. 985
AN3.1.1 INTELSAT.............................................
985
AN3.1.2
Intersputnik ............................................ 991
AN3.1.3 Inmarsat
................................................. 995
AN3.2 Regional
satellite systems ................................... 999
AN3.2.1 APSTAR
satellite system (APT) ............. 999
AN3.2.2
AsiaSat................................................... 1001
AN3.2.3
EUTELSAT............................................ 1003
AN3.3 National
satellite systems.................................... 1009
AN3.3.1
Argentina (NAHUELSAT) ..................... 1009
AN3.3.2
Australia................................................. 1009
AN3.3.3
China...................................................... 1012
AN3.3.4 France
.................................................... 1014
AN3.3.5 India ..
1016
AN3.3.6 Italy...
1020
AN3.3.7 Japan
...................................................... 1022
AN3.3.8
Korea...................................................... 1024
AN3.3.9 Spain
...................................................... 1027
AN3.3.10 United
States ........................................ 1028
xxi
Page
ANNEX 4 – ITU Bibliography
............................................ 1032
AN 4.1
Introduction .. 1032
AN 4.2
Constitution of the International Telecommunication Union, Geneva,
1992............. 1032
AN 4.3 Radio
Regulations, Geneva, 1998 Edition .......... 1032
AN 4.4 ITU-R S
Series Recommendations (Fixed-satellite
service)..................................... 1033
AN 4.5 ITU-R SNG
Series Recommendations (Satellite news gathering) ............................
1039
AN 4.6 ITU-R SF
Series Recommendations................... 1039
AN 4.7 ITU-R IS
Series Recommendations (Inter-service sharing and compatibility) ..........
1040
AN 4.8 ITU-R SA
Series Recommendations (Space applications and meteorology) ............ 1040
AN 4.9 ITU-R P
Series Recommendations (Radiowave propagation)
.................................. 1041
AN 4.10 ITU-R BO
Series Recommendations (Broadcasting-satellite service) ....................
1041
AN 4.11 ITU-R BT
Series Recommendations (Broadcasting service (television))................ 1043
AN 4.12 ITU-R V
Series Recommendations (Vocabulary and related subjects) ...................
1043
AN 4.13 ITU-T
Recommendations................................. 1043
AN 4.14 ITU
Special Autonomous Group (GAS)
Handbooks.............................................. 1048
Concluding
remarks................ 1049
General index
.......................... 1053
Nomenclature of
main abbreviations............................................ 1066
