Electric Power Systems A Conceptual
Introduction
CONTENTS
Preface xiii
1. The Physics of Electricity 1
1.1 Basic Quantities 1
1.1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.2 Charge 2
1.1.3 Potential or Voltage 3
1.1.4 Ground 5
1.1.5 Conductivity 5
1.1.6 Current 6
1.2 Ohm’s law 8
1.2.1 Resistance 9
1.2.2 Conductance 10
1.2.3 Insulation 11
1.3 Circuit Fundamentals 11
1.3.1 Static Charge 11
1.3.2 Electric Circuits 12
1.3.3 Voltage Drop 13
1.3.4 Electric Shock 13
1.4 Resistive Heating 14
1.4.1 Calculating Resistive Heating 15
1.4.2 Transmission Voltage and Resistive Losses 17
1.5 Electric and Magnetic Fields 18
1.5.1 The Field as a Concept 18
1.5.2 Electric Fields 19
1.5.3 Magnetic Fields 21
1.5.4 Electromagnetic Induction 24
1.5.5 Electromagnetic Fields and Health Effects 25
1.5.6 Electromagnetic Radiation 26
2. Basic Circuit Analysis 30
2.1 Modeling Circuits 30
Vii
es and Parallel Circuits 31
2.2.1 Resistance in Series 32
2.2.2 Resistance in Parallel 33
2.2.3 Network Reduction 35
2.2.4 Practical Aspects 36
2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws 37
2.3.1 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 38
2.3.2 Kirchhoff’s Current Law 39
2.3.3 Application to Simple Circuits 40
2.3.4 The Superposition Principle 41
2.4 Magnetic Circuits 44
3. AC Power 49
3.1 Alternating Current and Voltage 49
3.1.1 Historical Notes 49
3.1.2 Mathematical Description 50
3.1.3 The rms Value 53
3.2 Reactance 55
3.2.1 Inductance 55
3.2.2 Capacitance 58
3.2.3 Impedance 64
3.2.4 Admittance 64
3.3 Power 66
3.3.1 Definition of Electric Power 66
3.3.2 Complex Power 68
3.3.3 The Significance of Reactive Power 73
3.4 Phasor Notation 75
3.4.1 Phasors as Graphics 75
3.4.2 Phasors as Exponentials 78
3.4.3 Operations with Phasors 80
4. Generators 85
4.1 The Simple Generator 86
4.2 The Synchronous Generator 92
4.2.1 Basic Components and Functioning 92
4.2.2 Other Design Aspects 97
4.3 Operational Control of Synchronous Generators 100
4.3.1 Single Generator: Real Power 100
4.3.2 Single Generator: Reactive Power 101
4.3.3 Multiple Generators: Real Power 107
4.3.4 Multiple Generators: Reactive Power 112
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